By: KLKN Newsroom [email protected] Press Release: GRAND ISLAND, Nebraska US Marshals arrested a violent fugitive today in Grand Island. Lucas Cantabrana, 21, a documented Vista Homeboy gang member, of San Diego County, California, was wanted for a June 1 stabbing in San Diego County. Cantabrana is accused of stabbing an individual, causing serious injuries that required hospitalization. A 17-year-old gang member allegedly stole items from a Vista convenience store, ran from sheriff's deputies and tossed a loaded gun in a parking lot in. Abel Abrego, 22, a documented member of the Vista Home Boys, and his teenage associate were among the five people spotted standing outside the. The Metro Fugitive Task Force (MFTF) received information this week that placed Cantabrana in the Grand Island area. Task Force members operated in Grand Island for multiple days conducting surveillance and at approximately 5 p.m. Today Cantabrana was located and arrested after a brief foot pursuit near highway 30 and Adams Street. Cantabrana is being held at the Hall County Jail awaiting extradition to California and he was also charged with possession of drug paraphernalia in Hall County. The MFTF would like to thank the Central Nebraska Drug and Safe Streets Task Force for their assistance in this matter. “This is yet another outstanding example of the effective and efficient work being done by the United States Marshals Service and our local law enforcement task force partners,” said U.S. Marshal for the District of Nebraska Mark Martinez. “This federal and local law enforcement partnership continues to not only take dangerous fugitives off the street but prevents more criminal acts from being committed.' Marshals Service is the federal government’s primary agency for fugitive investigations. The Service arrests 302 fugitives every day on average. Marshals task forces combine the efforts of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies to locate and arrest the most dangerous fugitives. Task force officers are state and local police officers who receive special deputations with the U.S. While on a task force, these officers can exercise U.S. Marshal authorities, such as crossing jurisdictional lines. Marshals work with the international law enforcement community to apprehend fugitives abroad as well as to seek foreign fugitives living or residing in the United States. The Marshals provide assistance, expertise and training on fugitive matters to federal, state, local and international agencies. Heroin Seized, 10 Held in Crackdown on Gang Heroin Seized, 10 Held in Crackdown on Gang From Times Wire Reports November 18, 2003 Ten people were arrested and five pounds of heroin were seized in a crackdown on a violent gang in north San Diego County, federal drug enforcement officials said Monday. The arrests were the result of an 18-month investigation into the Vista Homeboys, a gang responsible for much of the flourishing heroin trade and violence in the community 40 miles north of San Diego, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. One pound of methamphetamine and two handguns also were seized. “The shackles of drug intimidation have been removed from the community of Vista,” said Michael S. Vigil, special agent in charge of the DEA’s San Diego office. “When citizens call you in tears thanking you for getting rid of this cancerous cell from your community, I think that really highlights the negative impact they had.” If you want other stories on this topic, search the Archives at latimes.com/archives.
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The latest book from a very famous author finally comes owse, Read Boar Out There By Cynthia Rylant Boar Out There By Cynthia Rylant Let's read! |||||||||||| Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, nova means 'new', referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix 'super-' distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word supernova was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931.[1] It is pronounced with the plural supernovae or supernovas (abbreviated SN, plural SNe after 'supernovae'). Only three Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been telescopically seen in other galaxies. The most recent directly observed supernova in the Milky Way was Kepler's Supernova in 1604, but remnants of two more recent supernovae have been found retrospectively[2] (the youngest known being G1.9+0.3, c. 1868, preceded by Cassiopeia A, c.?1680). 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A scene from (1902). • process by in 1856. • The of (1877) is an animation device intermediary between the and the. • The by in 1881 in Paris. • The by (developed by himself,,, and ) in 1882 in Paris. • The developed from chronophotography: • First and first projector by, Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. • The by (1892). • first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films by in Paris on 28 December 1895. •: first filmmaker to use the, or substitution,, photography,, and hand-painted color in his films. His most famous film, ( Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was the first film and the most popular movie of its time (another of his productions, is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie). • Developments of the modern (invented by the Italian ): (double piano), (double escapement action), (), Henri Fourneaux (). • in 1928 by (early electronic musical instrument ). • in the 1930s by painter. •, an electronic keyboard instrument, by in 1947. • by in the late 1950s. • around 1998 by at Montpellier. Chemistry [ ]. Appert canning jar • by in 1736. • by in 1778. • by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783. • by and by in 1783 in Paris. • The first extensive (see ) by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787. • by in 1791. • by • by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797 • Appertization or by in 1809. • in 1838 by Henri Victor Regnault (but the PVC will only be plasticized industrially nearly a century later). • by in 1839. • by and in April 1862. • by in 1875. • Production of by in 1877 (at the same time but with another method than ). • by in 1884. •, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, a invented by in 1884. • by in 1886 • in 1886 by (at the same time but independently from American Martin Hall). • by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890 • by in in 1891. • Chemical by and (with the chemist and chemist ). Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with an (top). Green: light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid colors: metal. Light colors:. Refs:,, • and discovery of Rotary polarization. He invented the first polarization filter in 1812. • by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. • by () in 1821. • and complex function theory by, including. • and by in 1822. • by (who also developed and named the ) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory. • in 1881 by (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student ). • by in 1896. • Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of by, before used his work in 1905 and later. • by on March 3, 1908. • by in 1931. • by in the early 1950s. • The by in 1968. Medicine & Biology [ ]. Air France Concorde in 1977 • by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640. A boat with the world's first was developed in 1807 by fellow Frenchman • by in 1769. • (later, and ) by,, the and (who also invented the first hydrogen-filled balloon). • in the late 18th century. • and by Andraud and Tessie of Motay in Chaillot on July 9, 1840, improved by in 1843 in Nantes (see and ). •: • First glider to fly higher than its point of departure, by in 1856. • first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance on October 9, 1890. • first built by in 1904. Modern design of ailerons. • first aircraft design with the modern monoplane tractor configuration of aircraft by in 1908. • In 1909, he completed the first flight across a large body of water in a craft, when he crossed the. He also is credited as the first person to make a working. • by in 1858 • between 1859 and 1861 by and Belgian-born in Paris. •: The first submarine not relying on human power was the French (meaning diver), launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180 (1241 ). • in 1864 by and (endless power-transmitting chain invented by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1770 and applied to bicycles by J. • Gunpowder powered by in 1870 • First manned during the (1871) • First by around 1870, patented in May 1880 • for by in 1895 • (1902) and. • by in 1902 • Modern in 1902. •: in 1907, the two first flying helicopters were experimented independently by and. • by in June 1905 (non-autonomous) and by in 1910 (autonomous: ). • by in 1913. • by in 1956. • by and the (1969) • in 1998. Clothing [ ]. Main article: •, precursor of tennis, in the 12th century. • The first autonomous diving suit, the precursor to today's scuba gear, is developed by Paul Lemaire d'Augerville in 1824. • First documented, a 1,200 metre race held on May 31, 1868 at the Parc of,. The first covering a distance between two cities was (see ). • FIFA World Cup by, FIFA former president. • UEFA Euro Cup. • Summer Olympic Games. • by on 23 June 1894. • On 22 July 1894 the newspaper organised the world's first competitive motor race from. The first finisher was Count but his steamer was ineligible, so the 'official' victory was awarded to driving his 3 hp petrol engined. • in the 1920s near Paris (Joinville-le-Pont, Meulan and Poissy). • The, first (in open-circuit) by and in 1943. • in the 1980s by the future, especially. • in 2012 by Franky Zapata. Another version, the Flyboard Air, an air-propelled hoverboard, achieved a Guinness World Record for farthest flight by hoverboard in April 2016. • aka flysurf in the 1990s by and ski mountain derivatives • in the 1990s by • since 1989 by the first round-the-world single-handed yacht race, sailed non-stop and without assistance • since 1978 by • since 1985 by the fastest circumnavigation of the world (under 80 days) by any type of sailing yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew • translated since 1923 the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing • in 1904 translated International Automobile Federation Miscellaneous [ ] • by in 1748. • developments of • by in 1859 (first practical storage lead-acid battery) • in 1866, patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the. • (using ) in 1870 by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse. • Artificial. • in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy. • Modern in 1855. • by in 1849 and in 1867. • [ ] • Hydraulic [ ] • [ ] • Modern [ ] • [ ] • [ ] • [ ] • by [ ] • by, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869. • by in 1930. • by • See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • • References [ ]. • • • The history of from 1991 to the present began with the on 26 December 1991, and the establishment of the. The Russian Federation was the largest of the fifteen republics that made up the, accounting for over 60% of the (GDP) and over 50% of the Soviet population. Also dominated the Soviet military and the (CPSU). As such, the Russian Federation was widely accepted as the Soviet Union's in diplomatic affairs and it assumed the USSR's permanent membership and veto in the (see ), as well as any Olympic medals won by Soviet athletes.The Russian Federation nonetheless lacks the military and political power of the former Soviet Union, as well as the territorial boundaries. Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, had been elected in June 1991 in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. This ensured that Yeltsin would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution. This situation resulted in political turmoil as the Soviet and Russian leadership wrestled for control, which culminated in the, where the Soviet military attempted to overthrow Gorbachev. Although the coup was ultimately averted, this situation contributed to rising instability in the Soviet Union. By October 1991, as the USSR was on the verge of collapse, Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical reforms, including -oriented reform along the lines of 's 'big bang', also known as '. For the most part, the were in near complete disarray by 1992, one year after dissolution. This degraded military effectiveness would become all too clear during the, but in the interim, this posed some significant practical challenges for global security and arms control. Under Russian leadership, the ensured that would disarm themselves of nuclear weapons. This may have been particularly important for Kazakhstan which hosted a significant share of the world's nuclear weapons immediately following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The former Soviet republics were able to maintain transnational cooperation in other military areas however, like establishing shared responsibility for the rocket and space infrastructure, such as the. The conversion of the world's largest state-controlled economy into a market-oriented economy would have been extraordinarily difficult regardless of the policies chosen. The policies chosen for this difficult transition were (1) liberalization, (2) stabilization, and (3). These policies were based on the ' of the (IMF),, and. The programs of liberalization and stabilization were designed by Yeltsin's deputy prime minister, a 35-year-old liberal economist inclined toward radical reform, and widely known as an advocate of '. Shock therapy was originally used in Bolivia by notable economist Jeffery Sachs to combat inflation in the 1980s. Having achieved some major successes in Bolivia, shock therapy was then imported to the Polish context following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and Russia shortly after. The partial results of liberalization (lifting price controls) included worsening already apparent, initially due to and exacerbated after the, an organ under parliament, which was skeptical of Yeltsin's reforms, was short of revenue and printed money to finance its debt. This resulted in the near bankruptcy of much of Russian industry. The process of liberalization would create winners and losers, depending on how particular industries, classes, age groups, ethnic groups, regions, and other sectors of Russian society were positioned. Some would benefit by the opening of competition; others would suffer. Among the winners were the new class of entrepreneurs and black marketeers that had emerged under 's. But liberalizing prices meant that the elderly and others on fixed incomes would suffer a severe drop in living standards, and people would see a lifetime of savings wiped out. With inflation at double-digit rates per month as a result of printing, macroeconomic stabilization was enacted to curb this trend. Stabilization, also called structural adjustment, is a harsh austerity regime (tight and ) for the economy in which the government seeks to control inflation. Under the stabilization program, the government let most prices float, raised to record highs, raised heavy new taxes, sharply cut back on government subsidies to industry and construction, and made massive cuts in state welfare spending. These policies caused widespread hardship as many state enterprises found themselves without orders or financing. A deep shut down many industries and brought about a protracted depression. The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in inflationary pressure out of the economy so that producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources—a problem that resulted in shortages of in the 1980s. By letting the market rather than central planners determine prices, product mixes, output levels, and the like, the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of, the reform architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms: Hyperinflation would wreck both democracy and economic progress, they argued; they also argued that only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to dismantle the and create a new capitalist Russia. Obstacles to Reform [ ] The former Soviet Union was to deal with a number of unique obstacles during the post-Soviet transition including political reform, economic restructuring and the redrawing of political boundaries. The discomfort associated with these changes was not felt the same in each former Soviet republic. As a general rule, states to Russia's west, such as,, and the, have fared better since the collapse of the Eastern bloc while Russia itself and countries to Russia's east experienced greater difficulties and found themselves on worse footing immediately after dissolution. A major reason that Russia's transition has been so wrenching is that the country is remaking both its Soviet-era political and economic institutions at once. In addition to institutional reforms designed to create a new political-economic system, Russia was also charged with remaking itself into a new national state following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The first major problem facing Russia was the legacy of the Soviet Union's enormous commitment to the. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector (at the time most Western analysts believed that this figure was 15 percent). At the time, the military-industrial complex employed at least one of every five adults in the Soviet Union. In some regions of Russia, at least half of the workforce was employed in defense plants. (The comparable U.S. Figures were roughly one-sixteenth of gross national product and about one of every sixteen in the workforce.) These over-reliance on the military sector made Russian industry and human capital relatively noncompetitive upon entry into a market-oriented system. Furthermore, the end of the Cold War and the cutback in military spending affected industry quite dramatically making it difficulty to quickly retool equipment, retrain workers, and find new markets. In the process of economic re-tooling, an enormous body of experience, qualified specialists and know-how was lost or misallocated, as the plants were sometimes switching from, for example, producing hi-tech military equipment to making kitchen utensils. A second obstacle, partly related to the sheer vastness and geographical diversity of the Russian landmass, was the sizable number of 'mono-industrial' regional economies (regions dominated by a single industrial employer) that Russia inherited from the Soviet Union. The concentration of production in a relatively small number of big state enterprises meant that many local governments were entirely dependent on the economic health of a single employer; when the Soviet Union collapsed and the economic ties between Soviet republics and even regions were severed, the production in the whole country dropped by more than fifty percent. Roughly half of Russia's cities had only one large industrial enterprise, and three fourths had no more than four. Consequently, the decrease in production caused tremendous unemployment and underemployment. Thirdly, post-Soviet Russia did not inherit a system of state social security and welfare from the USSR. Instead the companies, mainly large industrial firms, were traditionally responsible for a broad range of social welfare functions—building and maintaining housing for their workforces, and managing health, recreational, educational, and similar facilities. The towns in contrast possessed neither the apparatus nor the funds for the provision of basic social services. Industrial employees were left heavily dependent on their firms. Thus, economic transformation created severe problems in maintaining social welfare since local governments were unable to assume finance or operational responsibility for these functions. Finally, there is a dimension to the failure of post-Soviet reforms in Russia. The former Soviet population was not necessarily uneducated. Was nearly universal, and the educational level of the Soviet population was among the highest in the world with respect to science, engineering, and some technical disciplines, although the Soviets devoted little to what would be described as ' in the West. With the move to a post-Communist system, the Russian university system collapsed. Rampant credential inflation in the Russian university system made it difficult for employers to determine who was really skilled and the problems of the higher education system more generally made it difficult to remedy other issues of human capital that came from the transition to a market-oriented system, such as upskilling and re-skilling. For example, former state enterprise managers were highly skilled at coping with the demands on them under the Soviet system of planned production targets, but discouraged the risk-and-reward centered behavior of market capitalism. These managers were responsible for a broad array of social welfare functions for their employees, their families, and the population of the towns and regions where they were located. And, however, were generally not the most prominent priorities for Soviet enterprise managers. Thus, almost no Soviet employees or managers had firsthand experience with decision-making in the conditions of a. Depression [ ]. An abandoned facility near Nizhny Novgorod. (Photo taken in 2006; by 2008, the telescopes had been removed) After the initial turmoil and euphoria of early marketizations, Russia's economy sank into deep depression by the mid-1990s due to botched reform efforts and low commodity prices globally. Russia's economy was hit further by the financial crash of 1998 before experiencing a modest recovery in 1999–2000 as commodity prices began to rise again. According to Russian government statistics, the economic decline was far more severe than the was in the United States in terms of Gross Domestic Product. By way of a domestic comparison, the post-Soviet economic decline was about half as severe as the economic catastrophe borne out of the immediate consequence of, the fall of, and the. Following the economic collapse of the early 1990s, Russia suffered from a sharp increase in the rates of and. Estimates by the based on both macroeconomic data and surveys of household incomes and expenditures indicate that whereas 1.5% of the population was living in poverty (defined as income below the equivalent of $25 per month) in the late Soviet era, by mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of the population was living in poverty. Per capita incomes fell by another 15% by 1998, according to government figures. Public health indicators show a dramatic corresponding decline. Although all post-Soviet countries experiences an immediate decline in birth-rates due to economic turmoil this may have been particularly acute in Russia. In 1999, total population fell by about three-quarters of a million people. Meanwhile, life expectancy dropped for men from 64 years in 1990 to 57 years by 1994, while women's dropped from 74 to about 71. Both health factors and a sharp increase in deaths of the youth demographic from unnatural causes (such as murders, suicides and accidents) have significantly contributed to this trend. Closely related to the declining life expectancy, alcohol-related deaths skyrocketed 60% in the 1990s and deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases shot up 100% [ ], mainly because medicines were no longer affordable to the poor. As of 2009, life expectancy is higher than at the nadir of the crisis in 1994, yet it still remains below the 1990 level, with men living to 59, and with women's life expectancy decreasing to 70. While Russia no longer suffered from the supply shortages of consumer goods that were so characteristic of the 1980s USSR ( see ), this was not only related to the opening of the Russian market to imports in the early 1990s but also to the relative impoverishment of the Russian people in the 1980s. Russians on fixed incomes (the vast majority of the workforce) saw their purchasing power drastically reduced, so while the stores might have been well stocked in the Yeltsin era, average people could now afford to buy little, if anything from these stores. By 2011, the average income has risen to more than $700 per month, emblematic of the mild recovery in recent years thanks to a large extent to high oil prices. The growing income, however, has not been evenly distributed. The has risen sharply during the 1990s with the, for example, reaching 42% by the end of 2010. Russia's income disparities are now nearly as large as (which has long been among the world leader in inequality) while regional disparities in the level of poverty continue to trend upwards. Backlash [ ] Structural reform and a severe devaluation of the ruble lowered the standard of living for most segments of the Russian population. As a result, there was powerful political opposition to reform. Democratization opened the political channels for venting these frustrations, which translated into votes for anti-reform candidates, especially those of the and its allies in the. Russian voters, able to vote for opposition parties in the 1990s, often rejected economic reforms and yearned for the stability and personal security of the Soviet era. These were the groups that had enjoyed the benefits of Soviet-era state-controlled wages and prices, high state spending to subsidize priority sectors of the economy, protection from competition with foreign industries, and welfare entitlement programs. During the Yeltsin years in the 1990s, these anti-reformist groups were well organized, voicing their opposition to reform through strong trade unions, associations of directors of state-owned firms, and political parties in the popularly elected parliament whose primary constituencies were among those vulnerable to reform. A constant theme of Russian history in the 1990s was the conflict between economic reformers and those hostile to the new capitalism. Reform by decree [ ] On January 2, 1992, Yeltsin—acting as his own prime minister—enacted the most comprehensive components of economic reform by decree, thereby circumventing the and, which had been elected in, before the dissolution of the USSR. While this spared Yeltsin from the prospects of bargaining and wrangling with Soviet deputies, it also eliminated any meaningful discussion of the right course of action for the country. Nonetheless, radical reform continued to face some critical political barriers. The Soviet-era Central Bank was still subordinate to the conservative Supreme Soviet who continued to support socialist policies in opposition to Yeltsin and the presidency. During the height of hyperinflation in 1992–1993, the Central Bank actually tried to derail reforms by actively printing even more money during this period of inflation. After all, the Russian government was short of revenue and was forced to print money to finance its debt. As a result, inflation exploded into hyperinflation, and the Russian economy continued into an evermore serious slump. Crisis [ ] Constitutional crisis [ ]. Main article: The struggle for the center of power in post-Soviet Russia and for the nature of the economic reforms culminated in a political crisis and bloodshed in the autumn of 1993. Yeltsin, who represented a course of radical privatization, was opposed by the parliament. Confronted with opposition to the presidential power of decree and threatened with impeachment, he 'dissolved' the parliament on September 21, in contravention of the existing constitution, and ordered new elections and a referendum on a new constitution. The parliament then declared Yeltsin deposed and appointed acting president on September 22. Tensions built quickly, and matters came to a head after street riots on October 2–October 3. On October 4, Yeltsin ordered Special Forces and elite army units to storm the parliament building, the 'White House' as it is called. With tanks thrown against the small-arms fire of the parliamentary defenders, the outcome was not in doubt. Rutskoy,, and the other parliamentary supporters surrendered and were immediately arrested and jailed. The official count was 187 dead, 437 wounded (with several men killed and wounded on the presidential side). Thus the transitional period in post-Soviet Russian politics came to an end. A new constitution was approved by referendum in December 1993. Russia was given a strongly presidential system. Radical privatization went ahead. Although the old parliamentary leaders were released without trial on February 26, 1994, they would not play an open role in politics thereafter. Though its clashes with the executive would eventually resume, the remodeled Russian parliament had greatly circumscribed powers. ( For details on the constitution passed in 1993 see.) First Chechen War [ ]. A Russian helicopter brought down by Chechen insurgents near in 1994 In 1994, Yeltsin despatched 40,000 troops to the southern region of to prevent its secession from Russia. Living 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Moscow, the predominantly Muslim for centuries had gloried in defying the Russians., the Republic of Chechnya’s nationalist president, was driven to take his republic out of the Russian Federation, and had declared Chechnya's independence in 1991. Russia was quickly submerged in a quagmire like that of the U.S. When the Russians attacked the Chechen capital of Grozny during the first weeks of January 1995, about 25,000 civilians died under week-long air raids and artillery fire in the sealed-off city. Massive use of artillery and air-strikes remained the dominating strategy throughout the Russian campaign. Even so, Chechen insurgents seized thousands of Russian hostages, while inflicting humiliating losses on the demoralized and ill-equipped Russian troops. Russian troops had not secured the Chechen capital of by year's end. The Russians finally managed to gain control of Grozny in February 1995 after heavy fighting. In August 1996, Yeltsin agreed to a ceasefire with Chechen leaders, and a peace treaty was formally signed in May 1997. However, the conflict resumed in 1999, thus rendering the 1997 peace accord meaningless. This time the rebellion was brutally crushed. Rise of the oligarchs [ ]. Main articles: and The new capitalist opportunities presented by the opening of the Russian economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s affected many people's interests. As the Soviet system was being dismantled, well-placed bosses and technocrats in the Communist Party, KGB, and (Soviet Youth League) were cashing in on their Soviet-era power and privileges. Some quietly liquidated the assets of their organization and secreted the proceeds in overseas accounts and investments. Others created banks and business in Russia, taking advantage of their insider positions to win exclusive government contracts and licenses and to acquire financial credits and supplies at artificially low, state-subsidized prices in order to transact business at high, market-value prices. Great fortunes were made almost overnight. At the same time, a few young people, without much social status, saw opportunity in the economic and legal confusion of the transition. [ ] Between 1987 and 1992, trading of natural resources and foreign currencies, as well as imports of highly demanded consumer goods and then domestic production of their rudimentary substitutes, rapidly enabled these pioneering entrepreneurs to accumulate considerable wealth. In turn, the emerging cash-based, highly opaque markets provided a breeding ground for a large number of racket gangs. By the mid-1990s, the best-connected former leaders accumulated considerable financial resources, while on the other hand, the most successful entrepreneurs became acquainted with government officials and public politicians. The privatization of state enterprises was a unique opportunity, because it gave many of those who had gained wealth in the early 1990s a chance to convert it into shares of privatized enterprises. The Yeltsin government hoped to use privatization to spread ownership of shares in former state enterprises as widely as possible to create political support for his government and his reforms. The government used a system of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. But it also allowed people to purchase shares of stock in privatized enterprises with. Even though initially each citizen received a voucher of equal face value, within months most of the vouchers converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away. As the government ended the phase and launched cash privatization, it devised a program that it thought would simultaneously speed up privatization and yield the government a much-needed infusion of cash for its operating needs. Under the scheme, which quickly became known in the West as 'loans for shares,' the Yeltsin regime auctioned off substantial packages of stock shares in some of its most desirable enterprises, such as,, and firms, as for bank loans. In exchange for the loans, the state handed over assets worth many times as much. Under the terms of the deals, if the Yeltsin government did not repay the loans by September 1996, the lender acquired title to the stock and could then resell it or take an equity position in the enterprise. The first were held in the fall of 1995. The auctions themselves were usually held in such a way so to limit the number of banks bidding for shares and thus to keep the auction prices extremely low. By summer 1996, major packages of shares in some of Russia's largest firms had been transferred to a small number of major banks, thus allowing a handful of powerful banks to acquire substantial ownership shares over major firms at shockingly low prices. These deals were effectively giveaways of valuable state assets to a few powerful, well-connected, and wealthy financial groups. The concentration of immense financial and industrial power, which loans for shares had assisted, extended to the mass media. One of the most prominent of the financial barons, who controlled major stakes in several banks and companies, exerted an extensive influence over state programming for a while. Berezovsky and other ultra-wealthy, well-connected tycoons who controlled these great empires of finance, industry, energy, telecommunications, and media became known as the '. Along with Berezovsky,,,,,,,,, and emerged as Russia's most powerful and prominent oligarchs. A tiny clique who used their connections built up during the last days of the Soviet years to appropriate Russia's vast resources during the rampant privatizations of the Yeltsin years, the oligarchs emerged as the most hated men in the nation. The Western world generally advocated a quick dismantling of the Soviet to make way for 'free-market reforms,' but later expressed disappointment over the newfound power and corruption of the 'oligarchs.' Presidential election of 1996 [ ]. Main article: Campaigns [ ] Early in the campaign it had been thought that Yeltsin, who was in uncertain health (after recuperating from a series of heart attacks) and whose behavior was sometimes erratic, had little chance for reelection. When campaigning opened at the beginning of 1996, Yeltsin's popularity was close to zero. Meanwhile, the opposition had already gained ground in parliamentary voting on December 17, 1995, and its candidate,, had a strong grassroots organization, especially in the rural areas and small towns, and appealed effectively to memories of the old days of Soviet prestige on the international stage and the socialist domestic order. Panic struck the Yeltsin team when opinion polls suggested that the ailing president could not win; members of his entourage urged him to cancel presidential elections and effectively rule as dictator from then on. Instead, Yeltsin changed his campaign team, assigning a key role to his daughter,, and appointing campaign manager. Chubais, who was not just Yeltsin's campaign manager but also the architect of Russia's privatization program, set out to use his control of the privatization program as the key instrument of Yeltsin's reelection campaign. The president's inner circle assumed that it had only a short time in which to act on privatization; it therefore needed to take steps that would have a large and immediate impact, making the reversal of reform prohibitively costly for their opponents. Chubais' solution was to co-opt potentially powerful interests, including enterprise directors and regional officials, in order to ensure Yeltsin's reelection. The position of the enterprise directors to the program was essential to maintaining economic and social stability in the country. The managers represented one of the most powerful collective interests in the country; it was the enterprise managers who could ensure that labor did not erupt in a massive wave of strikes. The government, therefore, did not strenuously resist the tendency for voucher privatization to turn into 'insider privatization,' as it was termed, in which senior enterprise officials acquired the largest proportion of shares in privatized firms. Thus, Chubais allowed well-connected employees to acquire majority stakes in the enterprises. This proved to be the most widely used form of privatization in Russia. Three-quarters of privatized enterprises opted for this method, most often using vouchers. Real control thus wound up in the hands of the managers. Support from the oligarchs was also crucial to Yeltsin's reelection campaign. The 'loans for shares' giveaway took place in the run-up to the 1996 presidential election—at a point when it had appeared that Zyuganov might defeat Yeltsin. Yeltsin and his entourage gave the oligarchs an opportunity to scoop up some of Russia's most desirable assets in return for their help in his reelection effort. The oligarchs, in turn, reciprocated the favor. In the spring of 1996, with Yeltsin's popularity at a low ebb, Chubais and Yeltsin recruited a team of six leading Russian financiers and media barons (all oligarchs) who bankrolled the Yeltsin campaign with $3 million and guaranteed coverage on television and in leading newspapers directly serving the president's campaign strategy. The media painted a picture of a fateful choice for Russia, between Yeltsin and a 'return to totalitarianism.' The oligarchs even played up the threat of civil war if a Communist were elected president. In the outlying regions of the country, the Yeltsin campaign relied on its ties to other allies—the patron-client ties of the local governors, most of whom had been appointed by the president. The Zyuganov campaign had a strong grass-roots organization, but it was simply no match to the financial resources and access to patronage that the Yeltsin campaign could marshal. Yeltsin campaigned energetically, dispelling concerns about his health, exploiting all the advantages of incumbency to maintain a high media profile. To assuage voters' discontent, he made the claim that he would abandon some unpopular economic reforms and boost welfare spending, end the war in, pay wage and pension arrears, and abolish military conscription (he did not live up to his promises after the election, except for ending the Chechen war, which was halted for 3 years). Yeltsin's campaign also got a boost from the announcement of a $10 billion loan to the Russian government from the International Monetary Fund. Was the liberal alternative to Yeltsin and Zyuganov. He appealed to a well-educated middle class that saw Yeltsin as an incompetent alcoholic and Zyuganov as a Soviet-era throwback. Seeing Yavlinsky as a threat, Yeltsin's inner circle of supporters worked to bifurcate political discourse, thus excluding a middle ground—and convince voters that only Yeltsin could defeat the Communist 'menace.' The election became a two-man race, and Zyuganov, who lacked Yeltsin's resources and financial backing, watched haplessly as his strong initial lead was whittled away. Elections [ ] Voter turnout in the first round of the polling on June 16 was 69.8%. According to returns announced on June 17, Yeltsin won 35% of the vote; Zyuganov won 32%;, a populist ex-general, a surprisingly high 14.5%; liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky 7.4%; far-right nationalist 5.8%; and former Soviet president 0.5%. With no candidate securing an absolute majority, Yeltsin and Zyuganov went into a second round of voting. In the meantime, Yeltsin co-opted a large segment of the electorate by appointing Lebed to the posts of national security adviser and secretary of the Security Council. In the end, Yeltsin's election tactics paid off. In the run-off on July 3, with a turnout of 68.9%, Yeltsin won 53.8% of the vote and Zyuganov 40.3%, with the rest (5.9%) voting 'against all'. And (formerly Leningrad) together provided over half of the incumbent president's support, but he also did well in large cities in the Urals and in the north and northeast. Yeltsin lost to Zyuganov in Russia's southern industrial heartland. The southern stretch of the country became known as the ', underscoring the resilience of the Communist Party in elections since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although Yeltsin promised that he would abandon his unpopular austerity policies and increase public spending to help those suffering from the pain of capitalist reforms, within a month of his election, Yeltsin issued a decree canceling almost all of these promises. Right after the election, Yeltsin's physical health and mental stability were increasingly precarious. Many of his executive functions thus devolved upon a group of advisers (most of whom had close links with the oligarchs). Financial collapse [ ]. Main article: The global recession of 1998, which started with the in July 1997, exacerbated Russia's continuing economic crisis. Given the ensuing decline in world commodity prices, countries heavily dependent on the export of raw materials such as oil were among those most severely hit.,,, and account for more than 80% of Russian exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices. Oil is also a major source of government tax revenue which brought significant negative implications for Russia's fiscal situation, foreign exchange stores and ultimately, the value of the ruble. The pressures on the ruble, reflecting the weakness of the economy, resulted in a disastrous fall in the value of the currency. Massive continued and accelerated due to financial instability and decreasing government capacity. This further decreased government revenues and soon, the central government found itself unable to service the massive loans it had accumulated and ultimately was even unable to pay its employees. The government stopped making timely payment of wages, pensions, and debts to suppliers; and when workers were paid, it was often with bartered goods rather than rubles. Coal miners were especially hard hit, and for several weeks in the summer they blocked sections of the with protests, effectively cutting the country in two. As time wore on, they added calls for the resignation of Yeltsin in addition to their demands for wages. A political crisis came to a head in March when Yeltsin suddenly dismissed Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his entire cabinet on March 23. Yeltsin named a virtually unknown technocrat, Energy Minister, aged 35, as acting prime minister. Russian observers expressed doubts about Kiriyenko's youth and inexperience. The Duma rejected his nomination twice. Only after a month-long standoff, during which Yeltsin threatened to dissolve the legislature, did the Duma confirm Kiriyenko on a third vote on April 24. Kiriyenko appointed a new cabinet strongly committed to stemming the fall in value of Russia's currency. The oligarchs strongly supported Kiriyenko's efforts to maintain the exchange rate. A high exchange rate meant that they needed fewer rubles to buy imported goods, especially luxury items. In an effort to prop up the currency and stem the flight of capital, Kiriyenko hiked interest rates to 150% in order to attract buyers for government bonds. But concerns about the financial crisis in Asia and the slump in world oil prices were already prompting investors to withdraw from Russia. By mid-1998, it was clear Russia would need help from IMF to maintain its exchange rate. The Russian crisis caused alarm in the West. Pouring more money into the Russian economy would not be a long-term solution, but the U.S. In particular feared that Yeltsin's government would not survive a looming financial crisis without IMF help. President 's treasury secretary,, also feared that a Russian collapse could create a panic on world money markets (and it indeed did help bring down one major US hedge fund ). The IMF approved a $22.6 billion emergency loan on July 13. Despite the bailout, Russia's monthly interest payments still well exceeded its monthly tax revenues. Realizing that this situation was unsustainable, investors continued to flee Russia despite the IMF bailout. Weeks later the financial crisis resumed and the value of the ruble resumed its fall, and the government fell into a self-perpetuating trap. To pay off the interest on the loans it had taken, it needed to raise still more cash, which it did through foreign borrowing. As lenders became increasingly certain that the government could not make good on its obligations, they demanded ever-higher interest rates, deepening the trap. Ultimately the bubble burst. On August 17, Kiriyenko's government and the central bank were forced to suspend payment on Russia's foreign debt for 90 days, restructure the nation's entire debt, and devalue the ruble. The ruble went into free fall as Russians sought frantically to buy dollars. Western creditors lost heavily, and a large part of Russia's fledgling banking sector was destroyed, since many banks had substantial dollar borrowings. Foreign investment rushed out of the country, and financial crisis triggered an unprecedented flight of capital from Russia. Political fallout [ ] The financial collapse produced a political crisis, as Yeltsin, with his domestic support evaporating, had to contend with an emboldened opposition in the parliament. A week later, on August 23, Yeltsin fired Kiryenko and declared his intention of returning Chernomyrdin to office as the country slipped deeper into economic turmoil. Powerful business interests, fearing another round of reforms that might cause leading concerns to fail, welcomed Kiriyenko's fall, as did the Communists. Yeltsin, who began to lose his hold as his health deteriorated, wanted Chernomyrdin back, but the legislature refused to give its approval. After the Duma rejected Chernomyrdin's candidacy twice, Yeltsin, his power clearly on the wane, backed down. Instead, he nominated Foreign Minister, who on September 11 was overwhelmingly approved by the Duma. Primakov's appointment restored political stability because he was seen as a compromise candidate able to heal the rifts between Russia's quarreling interest groups. There was popular enthusiasm for Primakov as well. Primakov promised to make the payment of wage and pension arrears his government’s first priority, and invited members of the leading parliamentary factions into his Cabinet. Communists and trade unionists staged a nationwide strike on October 7, and called on President Yeltsin to resign. On October 9, Russia, which was also suffering from a bad harvest, appealed for international humanitarian aid, including food. Recovery [ ] Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed. Much of the reason for the recovery is that world oil prices rapidly rose during 1999–2000 (just as falling energy prices on the world market had deepened Russia's financial troubles), so that Russia ran a large trade surplus in 1999 and 2000. Another reason is that domestic industries such as food processing have benefited from the devaluation, which caused a steep increase in the prices of imported goods. Also, since Russia's economy was operating to such a large extent on barter and other non-monetary instruments of exchange, the financial collapse had far less of an impact on many producers than it would had the economy been dependent on a banking system. Finally, the economy has been helped by an infusion of cash; as enterprises were able to pay off arrears in back wages and taxes, it in turn allowed consumer demand for the goods and services of Russian industry to rise. For the first time in many years, unemployment in 2000 fell as enterprises added workers. Nevertheless, the political and social equilibrium of the country remains tenuous to this day [ ], and power remains a highly personalized commodity. The economy remains vulnerable to downturn if, for instance, world oil prices fall at a dramatic pace. Succession crisis [ ] Yevgeny Primakov did not remain in his post long. Yeltsin grew suspicious that Primakov was gaining in strength and popularity and dismissed him in May 1999, after only eight months in office. Yeltsin then named, who had formerly been head of the (the successor agency to the ) and later been Interior Minister, to replace him. The Duma confirmed his appointment on the first ballot by a wide margin. Stepashin's tenure was even shorter than Primakov's. In August 1999, Yeltsin once again abruptly dismissed the government and named as his candidate to head the new government. Like Stepashin, Putin had a background in the secret police, having made his career in the foreign intelligence service and later as head of the FSB. Yeltsin went so far as to declare that he saw Putin as his successor as president. The Duma narrowly voted to confirm Putin. When appointed, Putin was a relatively unknown politician, but he quickly established himself both in public opinion and in Yeltsin's estimation as a trusted head of government, largely due to the. Just days after Yeltsin named Putin as a candidate for prime minister, Chechen forces in, a Russian autonomy near. In the next month, several hundred people died in in Moscow and other cities, bombings Russian authorities attributed to Chechen rebels. In response, the Russian army entered Chechnya in late September 1999, starting the Second Chechen War. The Russian public at the time, angry over the bombings, widely supported the war. The support translated into growing popularity for Putin, who had taken decisive action in Chechnya. After in the December, Yeltsin evidentially felt confident enough in Putin that he resigned from the presidency on December 31, six months before his term was due to expire. This made Putin acting president and gave Putin ample opportunity to position himself as frontrunner for the, which he won. The Chechen War figured prominently in the campaign. In February 2000, Russian troops entered, the Chechen capital, and a week before the election, Putin flew to Chechnya on a fighter jet, claiming victory. Vladimir Putin [ ]. Vladimir Putin In August 2000, the suffered an explosion, causing the submarine to sink in the shallow area of the. Russia organized a vigorous but hectic attempt to save the crew, and the entire futile effort was surrounded by unexplained secrecy. This, as well as the slow initial reaction to the event and especially to the offers of foreign aid in saving the crew, brought much criticism on the government and personally on President Putin. On October 23, 2002, separatists took over a Moscow theater. Over 700 people inside were taken hostage in what has been called the. The separatists demanded the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces from and threatened to blow up the building if authorities attempted to enter. Three days later, Russian commandos stormed the building after the hostages had been subdued with a sleeping gas, shooting the unconscious militants, and killing over 100 civilian hostages with the sleeping gas in the process. In the aftermath of the theater siege, Putin began renewed efforts to eliminate the Chechen insurrection. ( For additional details on the war in Chechnya under Putin, see.) The government canceled scheduled troop withdrawals, surrounded Chechen refugee camps with soldiers, and increased the frequency of assaults on separatist positions. Chechen militants responded in kind, stepping up guerrilla operations and rocket attacks on federal helicopters. Several high-profile attacks have taken place. In May 2004, Chechen separatists assassinated, the pro-Russia Chechen leader who became the president of Chechnya 8 months earlier after an election conducted by Russian authorities. On August 24, 2004, two Russian aircraft were. This was followed by the in which Chechen separatists took 1,300 hostages. The initially high public support for the war in Chechnya has declined. Putin has confronted several very influential oligarchs (, and, in particular) who attained large stakes of state assets, allegedly through illegal schemes, during the privatization process. Gusinsky and Berezovsky have been forced to leave Russia and give up parts of their assets. Khodorkovsky was jailed in Russia and has lost his company, formerly the largest oil producer in Russia. Putin's stand against oligarchs is generally popular with the Russian people, even though the jailing of Khodorkovsky is mainly seen as part of a takeover operation by government officials, according to another Levada-Center poll. [ ] These confrontations have also led to Putin establishing control over Russian media outlets previously owned by the oligarchs. In 2001 and 2002, TV channels (previously owned by Gusinsky), and (owned by Berezovsky) were all taken over by media groups loyal to Putin. Similar takeovers have also occurred with print media. Putin's popularity, which stems from his reputation as a strong leader, stands in contrast to the unpopularity of his predecessor, but it hinges on a continuation of economic recovery. Putin came into office at an ideal time: after the devaluation of the in 1998, which boosted demand for domestic goods, and while world oil prices were rising. Indeed, during the seven years of his presidency, real GDP grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually in real terms, and a consistently positive balance of the federal budget enabled the government to cut 70% of the external debt (according to the ). Thus, many credit him with the recovery, but his ability to withstand a sudden economic downturn has been untested. Putin won the without any significant competition. Some researchers assert that most Russians today have come to regret the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. On repeated occasions, even Vladimir Putin—Boris Yeltsin's handpicked successor — stated that the fall of Soviet rule had led to few gains and many problems for most Russian citizens. In a campaign speech in February 2004, for example, Putin called the dismantlement of the Soviet Union a 'national tragedy on an enormous scale,' from which 'only the elites and nationalists of the republics gained.' He added, 'I think that ordinary citizens of the former Soviet Union and the post-Soviet space gained nothing from this. On the contrary, people have faced a huge number of problems.' Putin's international prestige suffered a major blow in the West during the disputed. Putin had twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for the pro-Russian against opposition leader, a pro-Western liberal economist. He congratulated Yanukovych, followed shortly afterwards by Belorussian president, on his victory before election results were even made official and made statements opposing the rerun of the disputed second round of elections, won by Yanukovych, amid allegations of large-scale voting fraud. The second round was ultimately rerun; Yushchenko won the round and was eventually declared the winner on January 10, 2005. In the West, the reaction to Russia's handling of, or perhaps interference in, the Ukrainian election evoked echoes of the Cold War, but relations with the U.S. Have remained stable. In 2005, the Russian government replaced the broad in-kind Soviet-era benefits, such as free transportation and subsidies for heating and other utilities for socially vulnerable groups by cash payments. The reform, known as, has been unpopular and caused a wave of demonstrations in various Russian cities, with thousands of retirees protesting against the loss of their benefits. This was the first time such wave of protests took place during the Putin administration. The reform has hurt the popularity of the Russian government, but Putin personally was still popular, with a 77% approval rating. From left to right,,,, and sign the. On 22 February 2014, the Yanukovych government of Ukraine collapsed as a result of the. On the same day, according to Russian president, he called an all-night meeting of his military leaders, at the end of which he ordered them to “begin the work to bring Crimea back into Russia.” By February 27, in Ukraine were establishing a blockade of the borders and Ukrainian military bases in the, and took armed control of its regional parliament. A new Ukrainian government was formed and scheduled new elections for May 2014. On 1 March, from exile, requested that Russia use military forces 'to establish legitimacy, peace, law and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine'. On the same day, requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine in response to the crisis and gained complete control over Crimean Peninsula within a day. On 6 March 2014, the Crimean Parliament voted to 'enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation' and later held a asking the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a, or if they wanted to restore the and Crimea's status as a part of. Though passed with an overwhelming majority, the results are contested by ones and approved by others. Crimea and formally declared independence as the and requested that they be admitted as constituents of the Russian Federation. On 18 March 2014, Russia and Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in the Russian Federation, though the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding statement to oppose Russia's annexation of the peninsula. Relations with the West [ ]. See also: In the early period after Russia became independent, Russian foreign policy repudiated Marxism–Leninism as a putative guide to action, emphasizing cooperation with the West in solving regional and global problems, and soliciting economic and humanitarian aid from the West in support of internal economic reforms. However, although Russia's leaders now described the West as its natural ally, they grappled with defining new relations with the East European states, the new states formed upon the disintegration of, and Eastern Europe. Russia opposed the expansion of into the former Soviet bloc nations of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary in 1997 and, particularly, the second NATO expansion into the in 2004. In 1999, Russia opposed the for more than two months ( see ), but later joined NATO peace-keeping forces in the Balkans in June 1999. Relations with the West have also been stained by Russia's relationship with. Belarusian President, an leader, has shown much interest in aligning his country with Russia, and no interest in deepening ties with the ever-expanding NATO or implementing Western-backed neoliberal economic reforms. A union agreement between Russia and Belarus was formed on April 2, 1996. The agreement was tightened, becoming the on April 3, 1997. Further strengthening of the union occurred on December 25, 1998, and in 1999. How to update the kernel? By using the TF card reader, connect your TF card with computer, open the file. Upload game kernel: Copy the R4.DAT file to your. Top downloads: Vortex dynamics in R4. The vortex dynamics of Euler’s equations for a constant density fluid flow in R4 is studied. Method Description Validates on the server that the specified record can be deleted from a table. (Inherited from.) Validates on the server that the specified record can be inserted. (Inherited from.) Validates on the server that the specified record can be read. (Inherited from.) Validates on the server that the specified record can be updated. (Inherited from.) Packs the table buffers of an xRecord instance into an X++ container. (Inherited from.) Cancels a previous method call to the setTimeOut method. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether submission to workflow is possible. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the caption property of a table. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets invalid field access. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to check mandatory fields. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether a record can be deleted. (Inherited from.) Removes all rows from the table buffer. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates a legal entity for the record. (Inherited from.) Unpacks a container into the table buffers. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the default concurrency model to use to update records. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the context property. (Inherited from.) Retrieves a row from the table. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the data source of the table. (Inherited from.) Populates default values in a field in the table. (Inherited from.) Populates default values in fields in the table in the non-interactive case. (Inherited from.) Deletes the current record from the table. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether caching is disabled. (Inherited from.) Releases resources that are used by the xRecord object. (Inherited from.) Removes all rows from the table buffer and bypasses any additional logic in the clear method of the table. (Inherited from.) Deletes the current record from the table and bypasses any additional logic in the delete method of the table. (Inherited from.) Inserts the record into the table and bypasses any additional logic in the insert method of the table. (Inherited from.) Updates the current record and bypasses any additional logic in the update method of the table. (Inherited from.) Performs the action to validate that a record can be deleted. (Inherited from.) Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current one. (Inherited from.) Returns the field access right. (Inherited from.) Returns the field access right for the current record. (Inherited from.) Sets or returns the state of a field in the table buffer. (Inherited from.) Returns the list of fields that are allowed to re-default. (Inherited from.) Returns the container that holds defaulting dependencies. (Inherited from.) Returns the table extension. (Inherited from.) Gets the value of the specified field from a table buffer. (Inherited from.) Returns the table name that corresponds to the InstanceRelationType ID. (Inherited from.) Return the physical table name, which, in the case of the SQL Temp DB table, is the table instance name. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the PresenceInfo value from the specified field. (Inherited from.) Gets the SQL statement that is used to return records from the database. (Inherited from.) (Inherited from.) Indicates the type of the table. (Inherited from.) Returns the timer handle for the object. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the handle of the class of the object. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether a foreign key constraint buffer is linked with the table. (Inherited from.) Retrieves a string that contains the Help text for the specified field. (Inherited from.) Initializes a field to the default value. (Inherited from.) Sets or returns the current input status of the table buffer. (Inherited from.) Inserts the record into the table. (Inherited from.) Sets or returns the current interactive context of the table buffer. (Inherited from.) Checks whether the data of the given field has been retrieved. (Inherited from.) Checks whether a field has a Set or Defaulted state. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether the data source is a form. (Inherited from.) Returns true if the record is a new record that hasn't been persisted yet. (Inherited from.) (Inherited from.) Indicates whether the type of the table is SQL TempDB. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether this is a temporary table. (Inherited from.) Finds the join child of the current record. (Inherited from.) Finds the join parent of the current record. (Inherited from.) Checks whether there is a link for the physical table instance for the record. (Inherited from.) Merges the current table with the specified table. (Inherited from.) Modifies the specified field to the original. (Inherited from.) Modifies the specified field to the original value. (Inherited from.) Initializes a new instance of the Object class. (Inherited from.) Releases the hold on an object that has called the wait method on this object. (Inherited from.) Releases a lock on the object that was issued by the wait method on this object. (Inherited from.) Determines whether the object is on a server. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the original values of the current record. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether system fields can be overwritten. (Inherited from.) Returns the instance that owns the object. (Inherited from.) Is executed after data is hit from the cache for the select operation on the table. (Inherited from.) Is executed after a record is read. (Inherited from.) Is executed before a cross-tier call is about to be executed for the table that would pack its state to the other tier. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether the query exceeded the time limit for execution. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates the time limit for the execution of a query. (Inherited from.) (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip rows that are locked by other processes when a record is read. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to apply security on a record level. (Inherited from.) Sets or returns the related buffer of a link of a table buffer. (Inherited from.) Renames the foreign keys in other tables according to the change of the corresponding primary key value in this table. (Inherited from.) Rereads the record from the table. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the number of rows in the table. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to select records for update when they are read. (Inherited from.) Indicates whether to select locked records. (Inherited from.) Selects the record by referenced field ID. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether repeatable read is enabled. (Inherited from.) Sets the user connection for this table. (Inherited from.) Sets or resets cross-partitioning for the table. (Inherited from.) Sets the field value in the record buffer. (Inherited from.) Enables or disables SQL tracing mode. (Inherited from.) Sets up the scheduled execution of a specified method. (Inherited from.) Sets the table so that it is not persisted to the database. (Inherited from.) Sets the contents of the temporary table to the specified data. (Inherited from.) Sets new XDS context. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip validation of Microsoft Dynamics AX Application Object Server (AOS). (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip database log requests. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to discard overloaded methods. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip delete actions on the table. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to discard overloaded methods. (Inherited from.) Provides an option to turn off calling the Application.event* methods for the lifetime of an xRecord object. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip executing the xRecord.postLoad method on the table. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to skip the check to determine whether the record is selected for update. (Inherited from.) Gets and sets the property that indicates whether to suppress warnings for this pointer. (Inherited from.) Returns the table access right. (Inherited from.) Returns the table access right for the current record. (Inherited from.) (Inherited from.) Retrieves the HelpText value for the specified field. (Inherited from.) Retrieves the ToolTip value for the current record. 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Specifies the location from which the data was retrieved. (Inherited from.) Updates a record if it exists; otherwise, inserts a record. (Inherited from.) Retrieves an XML string that represents the current object. (Inherited from.). Download Friendly link: if the loading speed is slow,maybe the fragments of your SD/TF card are too many. You can use the official SD/TF card format tool.It can solve your issues. ● load errcode=-1 ● load errcode=-8 ● disk errcode=-83 ● reset the game,show message' No card' If the above problem occured,pls format your SD Memory Card. Kernel Update It is updated to V1.84b on 2016-09-21 It is updated to V1.83b on 2016-01-12 It is updated to V1.82b on 2015-05-12 It is updated to V1.81b on 2014-12-17 It is updated to V1.80b on 2014-06-24 How to update the kernel? By using the TF card reader, connect your TF card with computer, open the file. Upload game kernel: Copy the R4.DAT file to your TF card. Upload video kernel: Copy the Moonshl2 to your TF card. Upload DIY Interface function: Copy the R4iMenu to your TF card. How to update AR cheat data base? Upload the newest AR cheat data base, then copy the 'usrcheat.dat' file to'R4iMenu' file. R4i-SDHC 3DS kernel download(with mark) Please you choose to download the R4i SDHC 3DS language version of the kernel. Latest version: V1.84b. Updated Date:[2016-09-21]. Sygic Free Product Code| Online Code Use our Sygic GPS Navigation Code Generator and generate your own product key for free. All this with our newest keygen tool. Link: Sygic gps navigation for android 25 Dec 2013. AuthorTotal downloads. Hi Khaled, It's working now. You were almost right the first time. Thanks again for your help! This is what I did: 0: Install Sygic on your phone. Open the Sygic program on your phone and go to about sygic you will find the ID of your phone 1: Run the keygen and select the mlm file that is included with the keygen. 2: Enter the divice id for your phone. 3: press on generate to get a key to activate. 4: open the notepad and copy the key you get - to the notepad and save the file with the name license.txt. Important is that you start with - and then your key. For example -8AOA9D18FKD9 5: copy the mlm file and the license file to your phone to the folder maps. 6: run Sygic and load the maps and it wel not ask any more for activation. Hi Khaled, I'm having problem activating Mobile Maps on my HTC Desire. I use the keygen with every possible combination of ID/mlm, but no luck. I've tried using phone's 'Device serial number (HT03RPL04177)', the 'device code' given by MM10 (0380b2eab6), and both the.mlm files (one supplied by EUROPE DVD and the other supplied in keygen folder) but program still asks for activation. All I do i paste the.mlm file to MAPS folder. The same I do for the licence.txt file, where I've copied the code I'm being given by the keygen. I've copied the code with a dask '-' in front of it. Keygen works great:) Thanx Mate 0: Instal it and look for your serial (Press activate and you will see yout device id:) 1: Run the keygen and select the mlm file that is included with the keygen. 2: Enter the divice id for your phone. Wat the o and 0 they look the same (this was my mistake xD) 3: press on generate for a serial 4: open the notepad and (let my say your serial is 34j5h677iy4 or something) you must fil in -34j5h677iy4- Put the - or it didn't work:) 5: copy the mlm file and the license file to your phone in the maps map 6: Run it and if you did it all good it didn't ask for an activation. I gotit working here are the steps: 1. Install it Sygic_Assistant.exe in the Sygic_Assistant folder. Start Sygic Mobile Maps 10 3. Activate oflline you wil get an activation code. Write it omewhere. Rename the mlm file in the same folder as the kegen to SMM10 Europe.mlm 5. Paste activation code and select the mlm file you just renamed. Press generate. Do not close the keygen 7. Delete the mlm file in maps directory on the sd card of your device. Copy the mlm file from the same folder as the keygen to the maps folder. Start Sygic Mobile maps and activate it with the serial from the keygen. Okay, i installed the sygic and works almost. Now when i start the program and select SMM10 World it says Product is inactivated. I press Activate and then i can choose between activate it with internet or manually. I press manually and i get a code. 1B700A590A (is this Phone ID as everybody say?)nIf yes, which is my activate code then?:SnI tried other ways like copy MLM file and paste it in Maps inside Sygic molie map 10. But i dont know if i have to delete everything in notepad and just paste the activation code. Please help me someone:). Hello khaled im having problems with installing the key i have my device code which is 56008 and the serial number for the keygen is -5FE148ECPD9T- but when i put the code in my phone it doesnt work i have put the txt file license in the map folder is it license or licence? So when the program starts and it comes up smm10 europe i select next the the device code comes and you put the code in munual. I put the following code in -5FE148ECPD9T- and nothin happend its the wrong code can you help please. To: jflex_ (I will explaine it as good I can in english) 1. Install sygic (Sygic_Assistant) 2. Run sygic (need activation) 3. Activate manual 4. On the screen u will get a DEVICE CODE, copy that ore remeber the code! Now, u need 2 things to generate: SMM10 Europe(in the folder; maps) and DEVICE CODE Type in sygic keygen: MLM File: SMM10 Europe Device ide: the device code ( the code u copied) 5.Generate and u will get the serial number 6. 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Home: Autodesk.com Ul.to Rapidgator Posts navigation. Mar 12, 2013 Forums. Navigation: Home / Forums / Wii U / Lego City Undercover. Wii U; Topic: Lego City Undercover. Mar 06, 2015 LEGO City Undercover Super Cheats Forums. Here write all the cheat codes you find! Wii U Edition; LEGO City: Undercover. I just bought my family a Wii U and mainly because of this game. There are up and comming titles that I will want to buy as well but they are still in the works. As for the game I have played through a couple of chapters and I love it. It is hard enough that I dont get bored but easy enough for my 7 yr old to play and not get upset by not being able to figure out what to do next. The use of the tablet controller is a very simple map and communicator. This could be adjusted to onscreen functions making it possible to port this game to the PS3 or Xbox. Using the controller screen keeps the main screen clean and open. As for the Wii U not being up with the times I think they are right along with where they have always been and that is a game system for young kids. Those of us who remember the NES are knocking on 40 the SNES crowd is getting on in their late 20's early 30's. Every system Nintendo has made has been targeted to kids from 7 to the teens and this has worked out really well for them. Until the Playstation, X-box came out there was not much of a market to the older crowd. As a parent with kids at ages of 17, 14, 7, and 3 I can honestly say I prefer the Nintendo systems for my younger ones. The 17 and 14yr old prefer to play my Game Cube over my other systems. I have every Nintendo system and a good collection of games with them, I also have PSone, PS2 and PS3 with a good amount of games as well. The only systems I dont have are the Xbox family. For me and my gaming style the Xbox does not have many games that I play and usually I can get the games I like on the PS systems or Nintendo systems anyway. I think Nintendo is right on the money with the Wii U system and while it may not be a huge hit with the older gamers I think it will be a great hit with younger kids. The Wii had a unique feature that even made people in their 60s want to play, simple games that were fun and used more than just thumbs to play. For me fun beats out awesome graphics any day! Why won't it be available on the PS Vita???:( Or any other consoles, for that matter. It looks like an awesome game, and it's a shame that it won't be available for other consoles and handhelds.maybe they're targeting more towards the kids/easy-going crowd with the Wii-U, but it would gain so much more (graphics-wise and sales-wise) if they made it multi-plat. I was devastated to find that this is only available on Nintendo.I really looked forward to rampaging the streets with a T-Rex skeleton after watching the trailer. I was devastated to find that this is only available on Nintendo.I really looked forward to rampaging the streets with a T-Rex skeleton after watching the trailer. Just get a Wii U, there are quite a few good games coming up in the next 6 months like Mario Kart 8, new Zelda and I have seen talk of a new 3D Mario. Has anyone seen any real world builds based on thing in the game (not based on sets that already exist that is) or had a go themselves? There are a few impressive super builds in the game. Viddy (spoiler warning). Why won't it be available on the PS Vita???:( Or any other consoles, for that matter. Nintendo paid much of the development cost and is the publisher for this game. That is why it is only on Wii U and 3DS. Additionally, knowing that it was only going to be on Wii U and 3DS allowed TT Games to design it with those systems in mind, so it wouldn't be as simple as porting it to a new console. Both LEGO City Undercover and 'The Chase Begins' make a lot of use of the systems' dual screens, including the touch-sensitive screen. As for why TT Games accepted the offer, first of all, having their game as an early title for a newly-launched console is a pretty good business decision. And additionally, the audiences of Nintendo and LEGO City tend to have a somewhat significant overlap: both brands market to kids and 'kids-at-heart' more than to hardcore gamers or adult fans. Whether either company deserves its reputation as a 'kiddie brand' is not really pertinent: that's how a good chunk of the public perceives them, and I wouldn't be surprised if even the LEGO games that were multi-plat got a sales boost on Nintendo consoles as a result of that widespread perception. The only port option I see that would be fairly easy would be to PS4/Vita combo, because that would give two screens. Xbox has no portable version, but perhaps a Windows 8 phone or tablet would work. Well, Microsoft has a technology they call, which would allow mobile devices like smartphones to be used as wireless touchscreen controllers for XBox 360, so there might be some potential there. It still would be a much more difficult port than for PS4+Vita though since they'd have to make sure the second display was optimized for all kinds of mobile device screens. Additionally there's the issue of motion control. One of the features in LEGO City: Undercover is being able to hold the GamePad in front of the screen as a sort of scanner, which wouldn't necessarily work with SmartGlass unless it has features Wikipedia isn't describing. I haven't been following news on the PS Vita or PS4 so I don't know whether the PS Vita would allow for this feature. Both alternate consoles would perhaps need to have the port adapted to rely on the control device's camera recognizing objects on the screen rather than having the console sense the controller's position. This is all hypothetical, of course, since with Nintendo publishing the games, a port isn't liable to happen, and if Nintendo hadn't been publishing then the second screen probably wouldn't have been made an integral part of the core gameplay experience, and would been used in about the same ways it's used for the Nintendo DS versions of other LEGO video games. Of the features in LEGO City: Undercover is being able to hold the GamePad in front of the screen as a sort of scanner, which wouldn't necessarily work with SmartGlass unless it has features Wikipedia isn't describing. I haven't been following news on the PS Vita or PS4 so I don't know whether the PS Vita would allow for this feature. Both alternate consoles would perhaps need to have the port adapted to rely on the control device's camera recognizing objects on the screen rather than having the console sense the controller's position. This is all hypothetical, of course, since with Nintendo publishing the games, a port isn't liable to happen, and if Nintendo hadn't been publishing then the second screen probably wouldn't have been made an integral part of the core gameplay experience, and would been used in about the same ways it's used for the Nintendo DS versions of other LEGO video games. Yeah, developers won't go through the trouble of porting the double-screen feature of the Wii-U. Other consoles will just have to hope for a spin-off, not that it's going to happen anytime soon.LEGO does seem more comfortable in Nintendo systems. The Vita/PS4 should work just fine, the press announcement said that both platforms would work very closely together, and considering their focus on 'cross-play' features and such, it shouldn't be long before they make something that uses both platforms to play. Invizimals is gonna be released, and it requires you to use the Vita to find creatures in the real world. I still dunno how they'll integrate the game to the PS3/4 version though. If I'm not wrong, I recall SmartGlass being more of a support device for the X-Box, such as checking on stats, planning or purchasing things on-the-go for some games such as FPS multiplayer.it'll be really hard to do something like the Wii-U/Vita with Smartglass, of course. At launch, some people were criticizing the wiiu for the lag between the controller's display and the TV (approx one frame, at 60fps that is about 17ms). The wiiu talks directly with the controller too. With smart glass, the Xbox uses your network to access the internet to communicate with Microsoft servers. Your phone also communicates with the same servers using either a data connection or WiFi. There are a lot more steps involved to send data between the console and phone and the channels are slower. Consequently smart glass would be way too laggy if it tried to do what the wiiu does. That game is absolutely fantastic for any game-lover AFOL. I still haven't finished it but I already saw tons of Nintendo & Lego easter eggs, here are some (no spoils here but don't read it if you want to keep the surprise): Nintendo easter eggs: - At the forest, above the entrance of the train tunnel, you can see a Wiggler (yellow caterpillar) wandering. I just wanted to report in about the LEGO City Undercover: The Chase Begins for the Nintendo 3DS. While I haven't played the whole game, I'm actually impressed with what they were able to do with it. It's an open world game. My main issue is that you have to load areas when you move between them, for example, you are at the HQ and you move to the docks. The docks is a new area, and you will have to wait for it to load if you want to go there. It's the same city, but it's also an earlier version of the city, not all the same infrastructure is there. (But Most is) The Train ramp/bridge is in the process of being built behind the police station, etc. The story in this version is a prequel to the LEGO City Wii U version. It's pretty impressive for a game on a handheld system. It has some unique gameplay modes, that the Wii U version doesn't have. This 3DS version is not as detailed and the draw distance in the background doesn't go as far. Also there isn't as much voice in this version, you do more reading; the cut scenes all have full voice to them. All the issues I see are very minor when you think about them. While not as great as the Wii U version it's certainly no slouch. If you or your child has a 3DS I recommend this game. LEGO City Undercover [] is finally on its way to PC, having been banged up on Nintendo’s Wii U since 2013. It’s the LEGO game I’ve wanted most in yonks, an open-world ‘Grand Theft Auto for kiddywinkles’ sort of dealio parodying ’70s cop movies and TV shows. Expect gangs of punks, big boxes of donuts, deep cop funk, and villains with names like Rex Fury. I heard good things about it and I’ll be keen to see myself when the game swings by our way in spring 2017. Undercover stars Chase McCain, a heroic plastic cop who goes undercover to bust the dastardly Rex Fury. Along with story missions, it has an open crimeworld to roam. I do like how his fighting moves have all the bombast and ineptness of TV stuntcops. Our pals will tell you it’s a cracking game. Announced a Steam PC released yesterday with which didn’t say much. The LEGO gang that it’s “remastered”, though I’m not expecting a huge overhaul. The LEGO games all look like plastiworlds anyway. I do wonder how they’ll rework the bits made for the Wii U tablet controller. Here’s an old trailer from the Wii U version: Ah, no, I- I can’t stand it. I didn’t plan this but here we go. Ablindpoet says: It’s frustrating when you don’t link the source material. I believe it’s very important that you should have linked to the actual twitter response related to your article about the PC release for this game. I’d call that lazy journalism. It’s not a minor detail at all. You are reporting on the PC release and the link you provided only advertised a console release. It’s also weird that LEGO left out that it was coming to PC in their tweet and you have to dig for the PC reveal in the responses. Victoria II Blut und Eisen Lament for the Queen [DLC] House Divided [DLC] Heart of Darkness [DLC]. Welcome to Paradox Plaza This is a sub-reddit for discussion, links, etc. About any game published by Paradox Interactive or their partners. 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Please mark spoilers as spoilers. • Avoid topics on the list of common topics, and do not post topics on the list of banned topics. • Content that breaks the spirit of these rules, or content deemed by the moderators as low-quality, may be removed at moderator discretion. Anyone is welcome to share any Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness walkthrough, wiki or guide on this thread. Help out each other by providing Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness tips, hints, help, how to beat Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness through step by step tutorial, answers and useful cheats. You can also share with us the full complete Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness guide and wiki. You can find more Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness walkthrough, guide and wiki at or you can also create your own unique walkthrough, wiki or guide on Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness forum, and then link to this Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness wiki guide walkthrough thread as this thread is sticky on Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness forum on Games Dreams. If you found any other useful official Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness guide, wiki, tricks, solution, strategy, walkthrough for either beginners or experts, you are also welcome to share with fellow Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness gamers / players here. Console Commands: addresearch(addr) [techname] - Adds research at specified name. Blockade ] - Breaks country with first rebel faction in specified country. Breakcountry(break) [] - Change the controller of specified location changecontroller [TAG] [province id] - Change the current controller of [province id] to the TAG specified. Unless there a war between original owner and TAG province will return to the original owner. Changeowner [TAG] [province id] - Change the current owner of [province id] to the TAG specified. Citysize [on/off] [(if on)] - Overrides the cities size. Conquerall [country tag] - Set all enemy provinces under our control. Copyprov - Copy selected provinces ids to clipboard cpaint - Changes date. Date [date in format yyyy.mm.dd.hh] - Changes current date debug - Various debugging actions debug allmoney - Shows info for money transfers. Debug alwaysaddwargoal - Removes limits for wargoal. Debug alwaysdiplo - Makes diplomats endless. Debug alwaysreform - Eliminates the 1 month wait between reforms. Need +50% of the upper-house favorable of reforms. Effect won't disappear till reset game, unknown if AI is effected. Debug cb_use - Show all the requirements for a certain CB and marks which ones are currently valid and invalid with the same syntax of a event manually triggered debug fow - Turns on of fog of war. Debug invent [invention] - Discover specified invention. The names of all inventions are in the*inventions*folder. Debug market - Turns on of price changing log which is located in me documents paradox interactive logs game.log. Debug researchpoints [number] - rpoints [number] debug yesmen - The AI accepts any deal with the player or other AI players. Election - Starts common elections right now. Event [event id] [] - Executes an event event [id] [province id] - (Province events) Trigger events with the id specified, ignoring it requirements. You can specify the province affected, otherwise it default to the capital province. Event [id] [TAG] - (Country events) Trigger events with the id specified, ignoring it requirements. You can specify the country affected, if no TAG it use the current country. Fullscreen - Toggles full screen mode goods 'XXX' - Gives XXX goods to player plus the same amount of money (Warning: large amount of goods lead to economical problems.) help [command name] - Print out all console commands or a specific command description. Helplog - Print out all console commands to game.log file. Inc - Short version of instantconstruction. Doesn't affect the AI. Inr - Short version of instantresearch. Doesn't affect the AI. Instantconstruction - Buildings finish in one day. Affects human and AI players. Instantresearch - Research finishes in one day. Affects human and AI players. Invention(invent) [name] - Triggers specified invention. Leaderprestige(lprestige) [province] [value] - Adds prestige to leaders attached to units at specified location. Leadership 'XXX' - Gives XXX leadership points to the player. Lua [luacode] - Executes lua code typed instead of arguments. Militancy [level] - Changes militancy level. Try positive and negative values. Militancy [province] [ideology] - Sets high militancy for pops at location and specified ideology. Minzoom - Controls max and minimum zoom. Money 'XXX' - Gives XXX money to player morehumans(humans) [num] - Adds more humans newsfakegenerate(fakenews) [articlename] [] [] - Generates fake news for specified article name. Newsfakegenerateall(fakenewsall) [] [] - Generates fake news for each possible fake defined. Newsgenerate(news) [filename] [] [] - Generates news from file. Newsgeneratefrompath(newsfrom) [path] [] [] - Generates news from specified folder. Paint - Switch to map painting mode. Plurality 'XXX' - Sets XXX Plurality Level from 1% to 100% popstat - Prints out amount of active pops. Prestige 'XXX' - Gives XXX prestige to player provblockade(blockade) [province] - Toggles province blockade. Randomlog - Toggles random logging reload [file name] - Reloads the gui or lua file reloadfx [Arguments: map or *.fx filename] - Reloads the shader reloadinterface - Reloads the entire interface reloadnewsdatabase(reloadnews) - Reloads the news databases and styles. Reloadtexture [texture file name] - Reloads the specified texture reorg - All units in got 100% organization and full strength. Researchpoints(rpoints) [num] - Adds specified amount of research points. Revolt [ province id] - Rise all the valid rebels of the country that controls [province id] (use twice) rpaint - Switch to region painting mode. Showprovinceid(provid) - Toggles province ID visibility in tooltips. Showrails(rails) - Toggles the railroads visibility mode. Spawnactor [actor name] [province id] [] [] [] - Spawns 3d object at location spawnunit [unit] [province id] - A [unit] appears in the province specified at 0 organization and full strength. In case of a land unit, the soldiers will come from a random province. Suppress [num] - Adds suppression points to your country. Tag [TAG] - Change the player country to the one specified. The [TAG] part must be in caps, and more than 1 change 'sleeps' the AI of the affected country until reload. Technologylist(techs) - Prints out all technologies teleportselectionto(teleport) [province id] - Teleports currently selected unit to location togglepopupdate(popupdate) - Toggles ON/OFF updating pops. Tutorial [chapter id] [] - Sets or reload tutorial upperhouse - Instant upper house reelection. Window(wnd) [Arguments: open/close] [window gui name] - Opens or closes the specified window wireframe - Switches units 3D models to wireframe mode. Search result for ' wii soul calibur ntsc' 1–35 of 525 Search Results Size S| L Torrent's Name Results for Just Relax and Download: 'wii soul calibur ntsc':: Top result our partners Top from our partners 4.4 GB 1 File 0| 0 Jun 2008 4.4 GB 1 File 0| 0.Wii Scrubbed Soul Calibur NTSU. Sep 2010 617 MB 13 Files 2| 0 Apr 2009 315 MB 1 File 23273| 21741 Jun 2008 835 MB 1 File 6300| 2 Jan 2012 4.1 GB 93 Files 0| 0 Aug 2009 4.1 GB 94 Files 0| 0 Aug 2009 4 GB 3 Files 0| 0 Aug 2006 1.7 GB 39 Files 0| 0 Jun 2007 404 MB 27 Files 0| 0 Apr 2006 876 MB 64 Files 0| 0.Soul Calibur 2 Reloaded w/custom music/costumes/etcJan 2009 4.1 GB 93 Files 0| 0 Dec 2009 4.1 GB 93 Files 0| 0 Aug 2009 6.6 GB 4327 Files 0| 0 Feb 2012 618 MB 14 Files 0| 0 Sep 2008 404 MB 27 Files 0| 0 Apr 2007 1.9 GB 41 Files 0| 0.by request. Jun 2008 4.1 GB 93 Files 0| 0 Aug 2009 1.5 GB 1 File 0| 0 Jan 2011 624 MB 14 Files 0| 0 Jun 2006 620 MB 17 Files 0| 0 Jan 2007 1.7 GB 1 File 0| 0.no details. Apr 2006 618 MB 14 Files 0| 0 Nov 2006 4.1 GB 90 Files 0| 0 Feb 2008 4.1 GB 94 Files 0| 0 Aug 2009 4.1 GB 92 Files 0| 0 Jan 2009 779 MB 12 Files 0| 0 Jul 2012 4.2 GB 183 Files 0| 0 Jan 2011 4.1 GB 92 Files 0| 0 Jan 2009 1.4 GB 2 Files 0| 0.---Torrent downloaded from torrent cache at Feb 2011 4.1 GB 2 Files 0| 0.Torrent downloaded from Dec 2006 2.5 GB 1 File 0| 0 Jul 2011 3.1 GB 1 File 2| 0 Feb 2013 4 GB 23 Files 771| 23 Jul 2017 4 GB 24 Files 458| 0 Jul 2017 1. © TreeTorrent.com Search Torrents Worldwide. Sep 21, 2009 Soul Calibur: Legends. When you WBFS transfer, the game is scrubbed. 3 Game That Should Work, Don't With USB Wii - Backup Loaders. Q: Can I make my own Wii Game backups (Wii ISOs) or do I have to download them from the internet? 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